A.4 History, Archaeology, Artefacts

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Kyrgyzstan - Wikipedia
Manas is a thousand-year-old oral epic about a tribal leader who fought against external enemies and united the Kyrgyz people. It is the world's longest poems.
The original Magdeburg hemispheres in the Deutsches Museum, designed to demonstrate the vacuum pump that Guericke had invented. One of them had a tube connection to attach the pump, with a valve to close it off. When the air was sucked out from the hemispheres and the valve was closed, the hose from the pump could be detached and they would stay held firmly together by the air pressure of the surrounding atmosphere.
Later rockets utilizing gunpowder were used to provide arrows with propulsive force and the term fire arrow became synonymous with rockets in the Chinese language. In other languages such as Sanskrit 'fire arrow' (agni astra) underwent a different semantic shift and became synonymous with 'cannon'.
Roger II of Sicily - Wikipedia
Royal mantle of Roger II. In a scene evoking domination through primal violence, two lions, a heraldic symbol of a powerful ruler, each attack a camel on either side of a central palm tree. There are evocations of the cosmos and constellations in the star shapes on the lions' heads. The mantle's pan-Mediterranean influence is brought out in its design and construction. An example of the Normans' multicultural court and a mark of trade: red silk from the Byzantine Empire, pearls from the Persian Gulf, and gold embroidery by Muslim craftsmen (given the tiraz bands & Arabic calligraphy).
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem - Wikipedia
The Leper King (Baldwin IV of Jerusalem), king of Jerusalem from 1174-1185. Baldwin developed the first symptoms of leprosy as a child but was only diagnosed after he succeeded his father, King Amalric (r. 1163–1174). Thereafter his hands and face became increasingly disfigured. He successfully repelled Saladin in 1177 at Montgisard, earning Baldwin fame. The young king mastered horse riding despite gradually losing sensation in his extremities and was able to fight in battles until his last years. Baldwin again repelled Saladin in 1182 but leprosy rendered him blind and unable to walk or use his hands in 1183.
Achilles - Wikipedia
The Education of Achilles, by Eugène Delacroix, pastel on paper, c. 1862 (Getty Center, Los Angeles)
Farnese Atlas - Wikipedia
Farnese Atlas - The Farnese Atlas is a 2nd-century AD Roman marble sculpture of Atlas holding up a celestial globe. Probably a copy of an earlier work of the Hellenistic period, it is the oldest extant statue of Atlas, a Titan of Greek mythology who is represented in earlier Greek vase painting, and the oldest known representation of the celestial sphere and the classical constellations
The Varvakeion Athena, a Roman-era statue of Athena Parthenos considered to be the most faithful reproduction of the chryselephantine statue made by Phidias and his assistants, as displayed in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens
Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps - Wikipedia
Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps are a series of prehistoric pile dwelling (or stilt house) settlements in and around the Alps built from about 5000 to 500 BC on the edges of lakes, rivers or wetlands
the first and only female emperor in Chinese history,[5] and de facto ruler of the Tang dynasty from 665 to 705, ruling first through others and then (from 690) in her own right.